Pathological Changes Osteoarthritis Relateâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Pathological Changes Osteoarthritis Relate? Answer: Introducation Osteoarthritis (OA is characterized as a type of arthritis that majorly affect the joint tissues of the body and at times causes the swelling on those areas. The most affected joints are knee, finger, neck, and waist. It is observed to be the primary cause of disability among the aged people. The high prevalence of OA is most common among the obese people. Therefore, it is ideal to understand the pathophysiology of OA to identify some of the mechanism such as treatment to decrease the sensitivity of the condition. Nevertheless, it is imperative to underscore that the disease may affect any joint tissue in the body and thus it is not primarily targeting only a particular section of the body. There are pathological changes that are observed in the OA showing some significant variations in the early stages of it. The emerging of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly aided in the pathophysiology of OA and the detection of joint tissues condition. Some researchers reveal that subchondral bone is crucial in OA and thereby it is present during the remodeling of the bone. From the surgical specimens, it is evident that a person with OA exhibits some form of attrition in the subchondral bone that is flattening and does not have the direct relation with the fracture (Blaker, Zaki, Clarke Little). The MRI indicates some notable changes in the subchondral bone such as increment in volume and its thickness and thus weakening the minerals in those areas as compared to the healthy bone. There is increased the force of transmission through the joints that are caused by dissipation energy around the subchondral. It is incumbent to note that some animal models are used in demonstrating the cartilage lesion in respect to subchondral bone damage (Shirley Hunter). Further research indicates that the pain in the human joint is commensurate to the increasing turn over in the subchondral bone. Causes of OA There are numerous reasons for OA. However, the notable ones are abnormal joint development, joint injury and inherited factors. Virtually, those who are at greater risk are the obese people, and thereby caution has to be taken in advance to protect this group from any form of the problematic condition. The causative of OA is the mechanical stress around the joint and thus leading to lower inflammatory processes (Yamamoto, Takahashi Shinomura). Pain within the joint makes it difficult to exercise that part affected and thereby causing muscle loss in the indicated location of the body. The diagnosis of this squarely lies on the MRI and other relevant medical tests centering on the OA. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, the OA joint hardly becomes red hot. Treatment The treatment for OA ranges from one individual to another, however, the ideal way is exercising in the bid to reduce joint stress and thus becoming the best therapy for recovery (Robinson, Lepus, Wang, Raghu, Mao, Lindstrom Sokolove). Moreover, weight loss may ideal for those who are overweight as it decreases the joint stress. Some other interventions such as the use of medication may be ideal to relieve the pain around the joint. The treatment may involve the use of paracetamols such as ibuprofen and naproxen; however continual use of opioid may result in adverse effects to the patient and therefore recommended that it ought to be taken with caution. The signs and symptoms of OA are aches on the joint and its stiffness especially during morning and may last for 30 minutes. Through the plain radiography, the joints may be observed to have spaces around the joints and the subchondral bones. (Harman, Carlson, Gaynor, Gustafson, Dhupa, Clement, Hoelzler, McCarthy, Schwartz Adams). T he morbidity rate of OA among the aged is very high as compared to other groups and thus is considered chronic disease especially to the aging population. Diagnosis and Epidemiological features The epidemiological features squarely depend on the radiographic findings, clinical symptoms and above all physical findings. However, it is ideal to note that one experience clinical disease yet fails to have radiographic OA on the same. The estimation of radiographic tests of OA stands at 80% at the age of 65 and 60% revealing the clinical OA. More studies indicate that 40% of women and 33% of men aged 70-74 years exhibit the x rays features and the clinical one (Glyn-Jones, Palmer, Agricola, Price, Vincent, Weinans, and Carr). The incidences of OA among the patient with knee issues stands at 40% whereas the ones who are obese are at 66%. The OA may damage other parts of joints if the immediate action is not taken at the right time. Lack ofproteoglycans due to the damages caused by the said tissue may result in loss of protection on those particular muscles and thus rendering such parts susceptible to more injuries (Jarraya, Roemer, Englund, Crema, Hayashi Guermazi). It was earlie r mentioned that the ligaments of the joining part become thickened and thus making the section to be worn out and thus resulting in its damage. Management For the case of obese people, it would be ideal to exercise well in the bid of losing weight as this has proved to play a significant role in the recovery process of the patient. Moreover, patient education is ideal for such case as the patient is made aware of some of the approaches that they have to develop with the aim of aiding them to recuperate well entirely. According to Kraus, Blanco, Englund, Karsdal, and Lohmander, changing of lifestyle has resulted in great improvement among the patients with OA of different types. This mostly occurs among the patients with hip OA. Similarly, physical therapies have been instrumental in the whole process of recuperation and thus recommended for the patients with OA. In relieving of pain, heat is ideal for relaxing the muscles and stiffness in the joint. On the same breath, aerobics are also recommended as they reduce severe pain in the affected joint and further improves ones physical orientation (Laslett, Pelletier, Cicuttini, Jones Mart el-Pelletier). For the one with knee osteoarthritis, the use of knee braces may aid them to some extent and thus also recommended for this matter. Medication The recommended medication in treating osteoarthritis is acetaminophen. Opioids channeled through mouth are prescribed as they are considered as weak opioids thus have no adverse effect on the patients taking them (Schiffman Ohrbach, Truelove, Look, Anderson, Goulet, List, and Svensson). The glucocorticoids injection on the joints has shown to be very reliable and efficient in the relieving of the pain having no signs of adverse effect to the patient (Banaszkiewicz). On the part of the surgery, evidence shows that joint replacement is ideal and clinically accepted for both hip and knee. The transfer of cartilage from one area to the affected area is possible and has proved to play a very significant role in the recuperation process of the patients. However, the medics are strongly against the arthroscopic surgery as it did not demonstrate to be very sufficient. Risk factors of OA Different studies and research indicate that there are greater incidences of OA among women than men. The risks increase at menopause due to hormonal factor and as such may thus affect the pattern of hormone in the body. Nevertheless, some health factors ought to be put into consideration when deciding on the replacement of the cartilage (Dimitroulas Duarte, Behura Kitas Raphael). Physical exercises are ideal for relaxation of the stiffness and the pain, nonetheless; it ought to be carried out with caution in order not to cause more stress on the part that had been damaged. Conclusion Osteoarthritis affecting the knee and hip are common and increases among the aging population. The OA that centers on overweight may result in significant risk such as disability to that particular patient. It is for this reason that the patient is advised to seek medical aid early before the situation worsens for that matter. It for this reason that one ought to fully understand the pathophysiology of OA to know how to deal with the issue earlier before the situation is unbearable (Leijon, Ley, Corin Ley) OA treatments are aimed at relieving pain through the relaxation of the damaged area. It has been observed that exercise has to be performed with caution so as not cause more damage to the affected joint. Notably, few minutes of relaxation is Important, especially if activity supports it, but it should not be more intense. Therefore, modification of activities is recommended to suit the need intended. Conclusively, OA was initially classified as secondary or primary. However, this classification has taken a more advanced approach where every constituent joint is identified. References Banaszkiewicz PA. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment. InClassic Papers in Orthopaedics 2014 (pp. 121-123). Springer London. Blaker C, Zaki S, Clarke E, Little C. 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